{"id":191,"date":"2025-03-04T16:13:39","date_gmt":"2025-03-04T13:13:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/?p=191"},"modified":"2025-03-04T16:13:39","modified_gmt":"2025-03-04T13:13:39","slug":"darbeli-olcumler-uzerine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/?p=191","title":{"rendered":"Darbeli \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmler \u00dczerine"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u00fcrekli dalga (CW) sinyalleri genellikle RF\/mikrodalga uygulamalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr sinyallerin g\u00fc\u00e7 seviyesini \u00f6l\u00e7mek genellikle bir CW g\u00fc\u00e7 sens\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erir. Bir\u00e7ok diyot tabanl\u0131 CW g\u00fc\u00e7 sens\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geni\u015f bir dinamik aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bu da onlar\u0131 mod\u00fcle edilmemi\u015f CW sinyallerini \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in m\u00fckemmel bir se\u00e7im haline getirir. Ancak baz\u0131 RF\/mikrodalga uygulamalar\u0131 CW sinyalleri yerine darbeli sinyalleri kullan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, radar uygulamalar\u0131 genellikle bir RF ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n periyodik patlamalar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanabilen darbeli RF sinyallerini kullan\u0131r. \u00d6z\u00fcnde, bu sinyaller belirli bir s\u00fcre “a\u00e7\u0131k”t\u0131r. “A\u00e7\u0131k” d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn sonunda, sinyal bir s\u00fcre “kapal\u0131”d\u0131r. Bir CW veya ortalama g\u00fc\u00e7 sens\u00f6r\u00fc darbeli RF sinyallerini \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilirken, her zaman en etkili se\u00e7enek olmayabilirler. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman, bu sinyalleri \u00f6l\u00e7mek farkl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsenerek daha etkili bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir. Bu nedenle, darbeli RF sinyallerini ve bunlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilecek teknikleri anlamak \u00f6nemlidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Darbeli RF Sinyallerinin Tan\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1<\/span><\/em>\u00a0ideal bir darbeyi g\u00f6stermektedir. Darbeleri tan\u0131mlayan \u00f6zellikler aras\u0131nda tepe g\u00fcc\u00fc, ortalama g\u00fc\u00e7, darbe tekrarlama frekans\u0131 (PRF), darbe tekrarlama aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 (PRI), darbe geni\u015fli\u011fi, g\u00f6rev d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc, y\u00fckselme s\u00fcresi ve d\u00fc\u015fme s\u00fcresi bulunur. PRF, darbelerin \u00fcretildi\u011fi orand\u0131r. PRI, PRF ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Darbe geni\u015fli\u011fi basit\u00e7e bir darbenin s\u00fcresidir. Bir darbenin tepe g\u00fcc\u00fc \u015eekil 1’de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bir darbenin ortalama g\u00fcc\u00fc, g\u00f6rev d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc ve tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 seviyesiyle ili\u015fkilidir.<\/span>\"\"<\/p>\n

1. \u0130deal nab\u0131z g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Bir darbe bir RF ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 mod\u00fcle etti\u011finde, darbe mod\u00fcle edilmi\u015f bir RF sinyali olu\u015fur.\u00a0<\/span>\u015eekil 2,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0bir RF ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ile birlikte mod\u00fcle eden bir darbenin bir g\u00f6sterimidir. Darbe RF ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 mod\u00fcle etti\u011finde, sonu\u00e7\u00a0<\/span>\u015eekil 3’te<\/span><\/em>\u00a0g\u00f6sterilen darbe mod\u00fcle edilmi\u015f bir RF sinyalidir .<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

2. Burada, mod\u00fcle edici bir darbe, bir RF ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

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3. Bu \u015fekil darbe mod\u00fclasyonlu bir RF sinyalini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Darbeli RF Sinyallerini \u00d6l\u00e7me Se\u00e7enekleri<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Birka\u00e7 farkl\u0131 test cihaz\u0131 darbeli RF sinyallerini \u00f6l\u00e7ebilir. Burada iki se\u00e7enek ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r: tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erler ve spektrum analiz\u00f6rleri. Tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erler, ortalama g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erler taraf\u0131ndan elde edilemeyen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yetenekleri sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in darbeli RF sinyallerini \u00f6l\u00e7mek s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda olmazsa olmazd\u0131r. Darbeli RF sinyallerini kolayca analiz edebilirler ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca tepe g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ortalama ve anl\u0131k g\u00fcc\u00fc de \u00f6l\u00e7melerine olanak tan\u0131rlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spektrum analiz\u00f6rleri, frekans alan\u0131nda darbeli RF sinyallerini analiz etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Bu t\u00fcr sinyalleri bir spektrum analiz\u00f6r\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek, bir dizi potansiyel sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karabilir. Spektrum analiz\u00f6rleri genellikle tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erlerden daha pahal\u0131 oldu\u011fundan maliyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir dezavantajlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pik G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00d6l\u00e7erler<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ortalama bir g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er genellikle CW sinyallerini \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erler ayr\u0131ca darbeli RF sinyallerinin ortalama g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de \u00f6l\u00e7ebilir. Ancak, ortalama g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erler do\u011frudan tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 seviyelerini \u00f6l\u00e7emez.<\/span><\/p>\n

Darbeli bir RF sinyalinin tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 seviyesi, ortalama g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011feri ve g\u00f6rev d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc bilinen nicelikler oldu\u011funda hesaplanabilir. Bu nedenle, ortalama bir g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er tepe g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc dolayl\u0131 olarak \u00f6l\u00e7ebilir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, ortalama g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nce \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. G\u00f6rev d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc biliniyorsa, tepe g\u00fcc\u00fc matematiksel olarak \u015fu \u015fekilde hesaplanabilir: \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Ancak, bu tepe g\u00fcc\u00fc hesaplama y\u00f6ntemi yaln\u0131zca \u015eekil 1’de g\u00f6sterilen gibi ideal bir darbe durumunda do\u011frudur.\u00a0\u015eekil 4,<\/em>\u00a0tamamen dikd\u00f6rtgen olmayan bir darbeyi g\u00f6stermektedir. A\u015f\u0131m ve \u00e7\u0131nlama gibi ek fakt\u00f6rler, ideal olmayan bir \u015fekle neden olur. Bu senaryoda, tepe g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klanan y\u00f6ntemle hesaplamak yanl\u0131\u015f bir sonu\u00e7 \u00fcretecektir. Bu nedenle, ortalama g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011ferine dayal\u0131 do\u011fru bir tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011feri hesaplamak i\u00e7in, darbe tamamen dikd\u00f6rtgen olmal\u0131 ve sabit bir g\u00f6rev d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ko\u015fullar kar\u015f\u0131lanmazsa, hesaplama do\u011fru olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

4. Bu nab\u0131z ideal olmayan \u00f6zelliklere sahiptir.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Ortalama bir g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erin aksine, bir tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er darbeli bir RF sinyalinin tepe g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7ebilir. Bir tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er, h\u0131zl\u0131 tepki veren bir diyot tabanl\u0131 dedekt\u00f6r olan bir tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 sens\u00f6r\u00fcyle birlikte kullan\u0131labilir. Bu tepki, darbeli bir sinyalin zarf\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde \u00f6l\u00e7mesini sa\u011flar. Tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 sens\u00f6rlerinin bir dezavantaj\u0131, genellikle ortalama g\u00fc\u00e7 sens\u00f6rlerinden daha az dinamik aral\u0131\u011fa sahip olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erler genellikle iz g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme yeteneklerine sahiptir ve bu da bir ki\u015finin bir ekranda darbeli bir RF sinyalinin zarf\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmesini sa\u011flar\u00a0<\/span>(\u015eekil 5)<\/span><\/em>\u00a0. \u00d6z\u00fcnde, tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erler bir osiloskopa benzer bir tepki g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler. Bir tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erin ad\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda biraz yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 olabilece\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun nedeni, tepe g\u00fcce ek olarak, tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erlerin hem belirli bir zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki ortalama g\u00fcc\u00fc hem de herhangi bir zamandaki anl\u0131k g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7ebilmesidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

5. Bir tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er ekran\u0131nda darbeli bir sinyalin zarf\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Do\u011frudan g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerine ek olarak, tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erler kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n darbe geni\u015fli\u011fi, PRI ve y\u00fckselme\/d\u00fc\u015fme s\u00fcreleri gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli parametreleri analiz etmelerine olanak tan\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erin tetikleme yetenekleri de vard\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 istatistiksel analiz gibi daha da geli\u015fmi\u015f yetenekler sunar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Video bant geni\u015fli\u011fi, darbeli bir sinyalin zarf\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde izlemek i\u00e7in yeterli olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden en \u00f6nemli parametrelerden biridir. Video bant geni\u015fli\u011fi ve y\u00fckselme s\u00fcresi ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Esasen, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen darbenin y\u00fckselme s\u00fcresi ne kadar h\u0131zl\u0131ysa, video bant geni\u015fli\u011fi o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Video bant geni\u015fli\u011fi genellikle \u00fcreticiler taraf\u0131ndan belirtilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spektrum Analiz\u00f6rleri<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Geleneksel bir spektrum analiz\u00f6r\u00fc, darbeli RF sinyallerini \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilen ba\u015fka bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Bir spektrum analiz\u00f6r\u00fc kullanarak, frekans alan\u0131nda darbeli bir RF sinyali analiz edilebilir. Bu nedenle, bir spektrum analiz\u00f6r\u00fc, bir tepe g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er taraf\u0131ndan elde edilemeyen bilgiler sa\u011flar.\u00a0<\/span>\u015eekil 6,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0darbeli bir RF sinyalinin spektrum analiz\u00f6r g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn genel bir \u00e7izimidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

6. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc genellikle darbeli bir RF sinyalinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda spektrum analiz\u00f6r\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Darbeli RF sinyalinin spektrumu, yan loblar\u0131n e\u015flik etti\u011fi ana bir lobdan olu\u015fur. Ana lob ve yan loblar\u0131n geni\u015flikleri darbe geni\u015fli\u011fiyle ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Esasen, darbe geni\u015fli\u011fi geni\u015fledik\u00e7e, ana lob ve yan loblar\u0131n geni\u015flikleri azalacakt\u0131r. Her bir spektral bile\u015fen aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluk PRF taraf\u0131ndan belirlenir. PRF artt\u0131k\u00e7a, spektral bile\u015fenler aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluk da geni\u015fler.<\/span><\/p>\n

Darbeli RF sinyallerini \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in bir spektrum analiz\u00f6r\u00fc kullan\u0131rken, uygun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck bant geni\u015fli\u011fi (RBW) kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Spektrum analiz\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn RBW’si, her bir spektral bile\u015fen aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapmak i\u00e7in PRF’den \u00e7ok daha az olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Spektrum analiz\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn RBW’si PRF’den b\u00fcy\u00fckse, her bir spektral bile\u015fen g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenemez. Ancak, spektrumun \u015feklini korumak hala m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu nedenle, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m bir\u00e7ok durumda hala pratiktir.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S\u00fcrekli dalga (CW) sinyalleri genellikle RF\/mikrodalga uygulamalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr sinyallerin g\u00fc\u00e7 seviyesini \u00f6l\u00e7mek genellikle bir CW g\u00fc\u00e7 sens\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erir. Bir\u00e7ok diyot tabanl\u0131 CW g\u00fc\u00e7 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":193,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-191","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-hamrad"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/191","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=191"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/191\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=191"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=191"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=191"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}