{"id":148,"date":"2025-02-27T10:32:02","date_gmt":"2025-02-27T07:32:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/?p=148"},"modified":"2025-02-27T10:32:02","modified_gmt":"2025-02-27T07:32:02","slug":"basit-rf-guc-olcumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/?p=148","title":{"rendered":"Basit RF-g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu basit ev yap\u0131m\u0131 aletlerle nanowatt’tan 100 watt’a kadar g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri yapmak kolay!<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

RF g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7mek, radyo amat\u00f6rleri ve deneycileri olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z hemen her \u015feyin merkezinde yer al\u0131r. Bu uygulamalar, vericilerimizin g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mekten, al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131zdaki mikserlere uygulanan LO g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7meyi gerektiren tezgah deneylerimize kadar uzan\u0131r. Al\u0131c\u0131 S \u00f6l\u00e7erlerimiz bile g\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6stergeleridir. Burada a\u00e7\u0131klanan g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm sistemi, Analog Devices’\u0131n yak\u0131n zamanda tan\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir IC’ye dayanmaktad\u0131r: AD8307. Bu sistemin \u00e7ekirde\u011fi, 20 mW’\u0131n (+13 dBm) \u00fczerindeki ve 0,1 nW’\u0131n (-70 dBm) alt\u0131ndaki sinyalleri do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7memizi sa\u011flayan pille \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir cihazd\u0131r. Bir musluk devresi g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7eri tamamlar, \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 40 dB uzat\u0131r ve 100 W’a (+50 dBm) kadar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcme olanak tan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

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11 ila 500 MHz wattmetrenin \u015femas\u0131. Aksi belirtilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, diren\u00e7ler 1\/4 W %5 toleransl\u0131 karbon bile\u015fimli veya metal filmli \u00fcnitelerdir. E\u015fde\u011fer par\u00e7alar de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir; nc Ba\u011flant\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
J1 – N veya BNC konnekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/span>
\nL1 – C1 kablosunun 1 turu, 3\/18 in\u00e7 i\u00e7 \u00e7ap; metne bak\u0131n.<\/span>
\nM1 – 0-15 V dc; metne bak\u0131n.<\/span><\/td>\n		S1 – SPST ge\u00e7i\u015fi<\/span>
\nU1 – AD8307\u00a0<\/span>
\nU2 – 78L05<\/span>
\nU3 – LM358<\/span><\/td>\n		\u00c7e\u015fitli: Not 2’ye bak\u0131n; bak\u0131r kapl\u0131 pano, muhafaza<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u015eekil 1’de g\u00f6sterilen g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er devresinin temel ta\u015f\u0131 Analog Devices AD8307AN logaritmik amplifikat\u00f6r IC, U1’dir. IC’yi tekli miktarlarda yakla\u015f\u0131k 10$’a biraz pahal\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz ancak maliyeti sunulan geni\u015f dinamik aral\u0131k ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc do\u011frulukla hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Par\u00e7ay\u0131 do\u011frudan Analog Devices Web sitesinden sipari\u015f edebilirsiniz; bu site ayr\u0131ca bir cihaz veri sayfas\u0131 da sunmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

U1’in g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 2,7 ila 5,5 V aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015febilir. 5 V’luk bir reg\u00fclat\u00f6r olan U2, U1 i\u00e7in kararl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flar. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rev yapan bir opamp olan U3 devreyi tamamlar. U1’in DC \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 (pin 4), giri\u015f sinyalindeki her desibel de\u011fi\u015fimi i\u00e7in 25 mV de\u011fi\u015fir. DC \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 0,1 \u00b5F’lik bir kapasit\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan filtrelenir ve 2,4’l\u00fck bir voltaj kazanc\u0131 i\u00e7in ayarlanm\u0131\u015f olan U3’\u00fcn ters \u00e7evirmeyen giri\u015fine uygulan\u0131r. 60 mV\/dB e\u011fime sahip ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sinyal daha sonra 6,8 k\u03a9’luk bir \u00e7arpan direnci \u00fczerinden t\u00fcm mA \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm cihaz\u0131 hareketine uygulan\u0131r. Devre 10 mW seviyesinde s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, U3’\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 6 V olur. U3’\u00fcn kazan\u00e7 ayar diren\u00e7leri, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm cihaz\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fc\u015ften kaynaklanabilecek olas\u0131 hasarlara kar\u015f\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

U1, 1,1 k\u03a9’luk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck frekansl\u0131 giri\u015f direncine sahiptir. Bu, R1 ve R2’nin diren\u00e7leriyle birle\u015ferek genel devre i\u00e7in 50 \u03a9’luk bir giri\u015f olu\u015fturur. C2 ile paralel R2, yan\u0131t\u0131 200 MHz’e kadar d\u00fczle\u015ftiren y\u00fcksek ge\u00e7i\u015fli bir a\u011f olu\u015fturur. C1’in bir ucundan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir tel halkas\u0131 olan Ll, IC giri\u015f kapasitans\u0131yla ilgili d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ge\u00e7i\u015fli filtrelemeyi de\u011fi\u015ftirerek yan\u0131t\u0131 500 MHz’in \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

M1, bir RadioShack dc voltmetresidir. Bir voltmetre olarak sat\u0131lsa da, asl\u0131nda harici 15 – k\u03a9 \u00e7arpan direnciyle beslenen 0 – 1 mA metre hareketidir. 0 ila 15 V \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi, dBm cinsinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f okumalar\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in aletin arkas\u0131na bantlanm\u0131\u015f bir kalibrasyon e\u011frisiyle kullan\u0131l\u0131r. dBm birimleri, dBm okumas\u0131 genellikle daha kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve rahat olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, basit bir form\u00fcl kullan\u0131larak miliwatta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C1O’dan gelen bir yard\u0131mc\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, bir besleme kapasit\u00f6r\u00fc, s\u00fcp\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler i\u00e7in harici bir dijital voltmetre veya bir osiloskopla birlikte kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere sa\u011flan\u0131r. <\/span>\u00a0\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funda DVM’yi kullan\u0131r\u0131z. Analog hareket yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 dB’ye kadar okunabilir, bu da bir devreyi ayarlarken veya ayarlarken faydal\u0131d\u0131r. Giri\u015fimci in\u015faat\u00e7\u0131lar, bir PIC i\u015flemcisini dBm cinsinden do\u011frudan bir okuma ile dijital bir ekran\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131racak \u015fekilde programlayabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130lk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er R2, C2 ve L1’i i\u00e7ermiyordu. Bu cihaz HF spektrumunda do\u011fruydu ve \u00f6tesinde de kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131yd\u0131. Kompanzasyon bile\u015fenlerini eklemek, yaln\u0131zca 0,5 dB’lik bir hatayla 500 MHz’in \u00f6tesine uzanan neredeyse d\u00fcz bir yan\u0131t \u00fcretti. Kompanzasyon a\u011f\u0131, HF’de hassasiyeti yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 dB azalt\u0131r, ancak UHF’de art\u0131r\u0131r. Tek ilginiz HF ve 50 MHz’e kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck VHF spektrumuysa, R2, C2 ve L1’i atlayarak giri\u015f devresini basitle\u015ftirebilirsiniz. Kompanzasyondan \u00f6nceki ve sonraki yan\u0131tlar \u015eekil 2’de g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 2 – R2, C2 ve L1 eklenmeden \u00f6nce (A) ve eklendikten sonra (B) g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erin tepki e\u011frileri.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er, bir PC kart\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan “\u00f6l\u00fc b\u00f6cek” tarz\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. BNC giri\u015f konekt\u00f6r\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan yerinde tutulan bak\u0131r kapl\u0131 PC kart\u0131 malzemesi \u015feridi \u00fczerine bir devre tahtas\u0131 yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. R1, merkez pimi ve toprak aras\u0131na k\u0131sa u\u00e7larla lehimlenmi\u015ftir. U1, giri\u015ften yakla\u015f\u0131k 3\/4 in\u00e7 uzakta \u00f6l\u00fc b\u00f6cek tarz\u0131nda (yukar\u0131 do\u011fru u\u00e7lar) ve 1 ve 8 numaral\u0131 pimler J1’e do\u011fru y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015f olarak yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. IC, topraklanm\u0131\u015f pim 2 ve bypass kapasit\u00f6rleri C3, C4 ve C5 taraf\u0131ndan toprak folyosuna tutturulmu\u015ftur. R2 ve C2, k\u0131sa u\u00e7larla J1 merkez pimine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. L1, C1’in ucunun tam bir d\u00f6ng\u00fc halinde b\u00fck\u00fclmesiyle olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Sarma bi\u00e7imi olarak 3\/16 in\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir matkap ucu kullan\u0131n. Geriye kalan devrelerin hi\u00e7biri kritik de\u011fildir. G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er bile\u015fenlerini korumal\u0131 bir kutuya monte etmek \u00f6nemlidir. Bir metre i\u00e7in Hammond 1590BB muhafazas\u0131 ve di\u011feri i\u00e7in bir RadioShack kutusu kulland\u0131k ve her ikisi de iyi bir koruma sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu hassasiyetteki bir alet i\u00e7in plastik muhafaza kullanmay\u0131n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u015eekil 3 – G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erle birlikte kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere y\u00fcksek g\u00fc\u00e7 sinyalini zay\u0131flatan bir musluk. Kapasit\u00f6r, C’nin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in metne ve \u015eekil 4’e bak\u0131n.
\nJ1, J2 – N konekt\u00f6rleri; metne bak\u0131n.
\nJ3 – BNC konekt\u00f6r\u00fc
\nL1 – 1 \u00d7 1\/2 in\u00e7lik pirin\u00e7 levha par\u00e7as\u0131; metne bak\u0131n.
\nR1A – R1C – \u00dc\u00e7 seri ba\u011fl\u0131, 820 \u03a9, 1\/2-W karbon film
\nR2 – 51 \u03a9, 1\/4-W karbon film<\/p>\n

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Daha y\u00fcksek g\u00fc\u00e7<\/span><\/h3>\n

Verici g\u00fc\u00e7leri nadiren bu g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen maksimum kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in, bilindik zay\u0131flat\u0131c\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli devreler kullan\u0131labilir. Belki de en basiti, \u015fekil 3’te g\u00f6sterilen diren\u00e7li bir musluktur. Bu devre, koaksiyel konekt\u00f6rler J1 ve J2 aras\u0131na lehimlenmi\u015f d\u00fcz bir metal par\u00e7as\u0131 L1’den olu\u015fur ve bir vericinin 50 \u03a9 sonland\u0131rmay\u0131 s\u00fcrmesine olanak tan\u0131r. Bir diren\u00e7, Rl, sinyalin bir \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7ere ba\u011flanan J3’e y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in yolu t\u0131klar. R2, J3’\u00fc \u015f\u00f6ntleyerek 50 \u03a9 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f empedans\u0131n\u0131 garanti eder. R1’i olu\u015fturan de\u011ferlerin se\u00e7ilmesi, zay\u0131flama seviyesini belirler.<\/span><\/p>\n

Musluk, nominal + 10 dBm g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er maksimum seviyesini +50 dBm’ye veya 100 W’a kadar uzat\u0131r. Bu seviyede g\u00fc\u00e7 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 bir sorun haline gelir, bu nedenle Rl, \u00fc\u00e7 seri ba\u011fl\u0131 yar\u0131m watt’l\u0131k karbon film diren\u00e7lerden olu\u015fur.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 4 – \u015eekil 3’te \u015fematik olarak g\u00f6sterilen 40 dB g\u00fc\u00e7 musluk tertibat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izimi. \u0130ki N konnekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn (RF G\u0130R\u0130\u015e\u0130 ve RF \u00c7IKI\u015eI) merkez iletkenleri, s\u00fctunlar\u0131 temizlemek i\u00e7in k\u00f6\u015feleri \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 1 x 1\/2 in\u00e7lik bir pirin\u00e7 levha par\u00e7as\u0131yla ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hammond 1590A d\u00f6k\u00fcm al\u00fcminyum muhafazada. C1, #22 AWG \u0130zoleli ba\u011flant\u0131 teli par\u00e7as\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; kalayl\u0131 metal par\u00e7an\u0131n kenar\u0131ndan 0,6 in\u00e7 \u00f6teye uzan\u0131r ve neredeyse iki diren\u00e7 g\u00f6vdesine dayan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 3’te g\u00f6sterilen basit zay\u0131flat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Musluk, \u015eekil 4’te ve beraberindeki foto\u011fraflarda g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi 5042 iletim hatt\u0131 olarak yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f J1 ila J2 ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131yla olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Ayarlamalar bir HP-8714B a\u011f analiz\u00f6r\u00fc ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Analiz\u00f6r, 500 MHz’e kadar 0,1 dB i\u00e7inde d\u00fcz olan J3’e zay\u0131flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yol i\u00e7in C de\u011ferini ayarlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Musluk daha sonra bir spektrum analiz\u00f6r\u00fc veya laboratuvar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er ile kullan\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ayarlama i\u00e7in bir a\u011f analiz\u00f6r\u00fc olmadan UHF \u00fczerinden 0,1 dB do\u011fruluk elde etmek ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i de\u011fildir. Ancak, musluk \u015fekil 4’teki mekanik d\u00fczenleme kullan\u0131larak \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131l\u0131rsa, muslu\u011fun 500 MHz’e kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 dB i\u00e7inde d\u00fcz olmas\u0131n\u0131 bekleyebilirsiniz. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck frekansl\u0131 zay\u0131flama yaln\u0131zca diren\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan belirlenir, bu nedenle DVM \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleriyle garanti edilebilir. \u00d6ncelikli ilgi 150 MHz’in alt\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerdeyse, N konekt\u00f6rlerini BNC konekt\u00f6rleriyle de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz. Musluk bir Hammond 1590A kutusunda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kalibrasyon<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00d6l\u00e7erlerimizi iki \u015fekilde okur ve kullan\u0131r\u0131z. DVM \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 kaydedilir ve dBm cinsinden g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flayan bir denklemle kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Alternatif olarak, panel \u00f6l\u00e7eri okur ve cihaz\u0131n arkas\u0131na yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir tabloya bakar\u0131z. Her iki durumda da, arac\u0131 kalibre etmek i\u00e7in bilinen bir RF g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu aleti kalibre etmenin en kolay yolu kalibre edilmi\u015f bir sinyal \u00fcreteci kullanmakt\u0131r. \u00dcreteci iyi tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in ayarlay\u0131n ve g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7ere uygulay\u0131n. Kalibrasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131 10 MHz’de ve -20 ve -30 dBm seviyelerinde yapt\u0131k. \u0130ki seviye, desibel\/DVM milivolt cinsinden e\u011fimi belirleyen 10 dB’lik bir fark sa\u011flar. Daha sonra iki de\u011ferden biri bir denklem i\u00e7in gereken sabiti sa\u011flar. Sinyal \u00fcreteci, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm \u00e7izelgesi i\u00e7in veri \u00fcretmek \u00fczere genlik aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 5 veya 10 dB’lik ad\u0131mlarla ilerleyebilir. \u015eekil 5, DVM \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er okumas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir \u00e7izimini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm \u00e7izelgesi benzerdir.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 5 – DVM \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n jenerat\u00f6r g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u00e7izimi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kaliteli bir sinyal \u00fcretecine eri\u015fiminiz yoksa, g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7eri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir verici kullanarak kalibre edebilirsiniz. 7 MHz’de 1 ila 2 W’l\u0131k bir g\u00fc\u00e7 seviyesi yeterlidir. Vericiyi musluktan, \u015eekil 6’da g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f voltaj\u0131n\u0131n bir diyot dedekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve DVM kullan\u0131larak do\u011frudan okunabilece\u011fi bir sahte y\u00fcke tak\u0131n. G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 1 W ise, tepe RF voltaj\u0131 10 V olacakt\u0131r. Dedekt\u00f6r \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 daha sonra yakla\u015f\u0131k 9,5 V olacak ve g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7ere giden sinyal -10 dBm olacakt\u0131r. \u015eekil 6’da g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi, \u00f6l\u00e7er giri\u015fine 10 dB’lik bir ped eklemek, ikinci kalibrasyon noktas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcc\u00fc -20 dBm’ye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 6 – Bir sinyal \u00fcreteci mevcut de\u011filse, kalibrasyon d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir verici kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131labilir. 10 dB’lik bir ped i\u00e7in diren\u00e7 de\u011ferleri g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
C1 – 0,01 \u00b5F disk seramik<\/span>
\nD1 – 1N4152<\/span>
\nR1, R2 – 100 \u03a9, 1 W<\/span><\/td>\n		R3, R4-95,3 \u03a9 %1 metal film<\/span>
\nR5 – 71,5 \u03a9, %1 metal film<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 7 – \u00c7e\u015fitli durumlar i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm \u015femalar\u0131; a\u00e7\u0131klama i\u00e7in metne bak\u0131n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uygulamalar<\/span><\/h3>\n

Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er i\u00e7in d\u00fczinelerce uygulama vard\u0131r, bunlardan birka\u00e7\u0131 e\u015flik eden \u015fekillerde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 uygulamalar a\u00e7\u0131k ve pratikken di\u011ferleri daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011freticidir. Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin \u00e7o\u011fu, g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erin bir devredeki y\u00fck\u00fcn yerine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ikame edicidir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, bir osiloskopla yap\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin \u00e7o\u011fu yerinde, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir devre i\u00e7inde yerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 7A, bir vericinin erken a\u015famalar\u0131, \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 vericileri veya di\u011fer kaynaklardan gelen sinyaller i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir. En yayg\u0131n olanlardan biri, daha sonra bir diyot halkas\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131racak olan bir LO sisteminden elde edilebilen g\u00fcc\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Nominal maksimum g\u00fc\u00e7 veya \u00f6l\u00e7er + 13 ila + 16 dBm’dir. HF’de neredeyse +18 dBm’ye kadar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebildik, ancak bu VHF’de korunmuyor. HF’de dikkatli kalibrasyon, \u00f6l\u00e7erlerimizin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 bir HP435A’n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 3’teki musluk, \u015eekil 7B’deki kurulumla verici testini geni\u015fletir. \u0130yi bir sahte y\u00fck (sonland\u0131rma), verici giri\u015fe ba\u011fl\u0131yken musluk \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilir. dBm cinsinden g\u00fc\u00e7 art\u0131k metrede dBrn cinsinden okunan g\u00fc\u00e7 art\u0131 desibel cinsinden musluk zay\u0131flamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bazen bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma seans\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7mek isteriz. Bu, \u015fekil 7C’deki kurulumla yap\u0131labilir. Tipik bir uygulama, operat\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ancak de\u011fi\u015fken g\u00fc\u00e7le deneyler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir QRP istasyonu olabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er, k\u00f6pr\u00fc devreleriyle \u00e7e\u015fitli uygulamalar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eekil 8, \u00f6l\u00e7eri bir sinyal jenerat\u00f6r\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclen bir geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f kayb\u0131 k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc (RLB) i\u00e7in dedekt\u00f6r olarak g\u00f6sterir.\u00a0<\/span>(5)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Bu \u00f6rnekte, sistemi bir anten tunerini ayarlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131yoruz. G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erin m\u00fckemmel hassasiyeti nedeniyle, jenerat\u00f6r\u00fcn y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olmas\u0131 gerekmez. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri genellikle +3 ila + 10 dBm veren bir ev yap\u0131m\u0131 jenerat\u00f6rle yap\u0131yoruz.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 8 – K\u00f6pr\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131, \u015eekil 8’deki deneyi denedi\u011fimizde ke\u015ffetti\u011fimiz gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131rabilir. Egzersiz, g\u00f6sterilen filtrelerden hi\u00e7biri olmadan ba\u015flad\u0131. Jenerat\u00f6r a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er RLB’den -4 dBm g\u00f6sterdi. E\u015fle\u015ftirme devresini ayarlad\u0131k, ancak yaln\u0131zca -25 dBm elde edebildik, bu da 21 dB geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f kayb\u0131na i\u015faret ediyor.\u00a0<\/span>(6)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Daha fazla geli\u015fme g\u00f6zlemlenemedi. Bu, yerel VHF TV ve FM yay\u0131n giri\u015fiminin sonucuydu. G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er giri\u015findeki bir bant ge\u00e7iren veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ge\u00e7iren filtre, art\u0131k yan\u0131t\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak, daha fazla ayarlama ile 45 dB’lik bir geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f kayb\u0131na ula\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Ancak bu, daha fazla geli\u015fmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmedi\u011fi bir s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Sinyal \u00fcreteci \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ge\u00e7iren bir filtre eklemek, oradaki harmonikleri azaltt\u0131 ve daha fazla geli\u015fmeye izin verdi. Sonunda sistemi, diyot dedekt\u00f6rleri kullan\u0131larak normal k\u00f6pr\u00fclerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi genellikle imkans\u0131z olan sa\u00e7ma bir 60 dB geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f kayb\u0131na (SWR = 1,002) ayarlayabildik.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 9 – G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er ile filtre \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er, \u015eekil 9’da g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli RF filtreleriyle yap\u0131lan deneyler i\u00e7in idealdir. Bir sinyal jenerat\u00f6r\u00fc, g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 filtre giri\u015fine ba\u011flan\u0131r. Daha sonra filtre ayarlanabilir veya taranabilir. Filtreyi ge\u00e7ici olarak koaksiyel bir ge\u00e7i\u015f ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, filtre ekleme kayb\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmenizi sa\u011flar. Hem g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er hem de sinyal jenerat\u00f6r\u00fc 50 \u03a9’luk cihazlard\u0131r, bu nedenle filtre 50 \u03a9’luk bir tasar\u0131ma sahip de\u011filse e\u015fle\u015fen a\u011flara ihtiya\u00e7 duyacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6nceki \u00f6rnekte oldu\u011fu gibi, filtreleri incelerken \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm anomalileri g\u00f6zlemlenebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7eri kullanarak 7 MHz bant ge\u00e7i\u015f filtresini ayarlad\u0131ktan sonra, sinyal \u00fcretecinin 3,5 MHz’e ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ikinci harmonik i\u00e7eri\u011fini kolayca \u00f6l\u00e7ebildik.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 10 – G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er ile amplifikat\u00f6r \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri. A’da, kazan\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri yap\u0131l\u0131yor. B’de, Giri\u015f empedans\u0131 uyumunu belirleme y\u00f6ntemi. Amplifikat\u00f6r terminallerini ters \u00e7evirmek, ters kazan\u00e7 ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f uyumunu ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 sa\u011flar<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 10A, amplifikat\u00f6r devrelerini incelemek i\u00e7in bir sinyal \u00fcreteci ile kullan\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7eri g\u00f6sterir. Jenerat\u00f6r ile birlikte bir ad\u0131m zay\u0131flat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6sterilir ve bu, 50 \u03a9 ortam\u0131n\u0131 korurken g\u00fc\u00e7 seviyesinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131r. Genellikle, tipik devrelerde -30 dBrn’lik bir s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesi yeterince d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Sistem ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta noktal\u0131 \u00e7izgiyle g\u00f6sterilen bir ge\u00e7i\u015f ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 ile kurulur. Daha sonra amplifikat\u00f6r yerle\u015ftirilir ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Her biri dBm cinsinden olan iki yan\u0131t aras\u0131ndaki fark, desibel cinsinden kazan\u00e7t\u0131r. \u0130lgin\u00e7 ve kolayca ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilen ilgili bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm, amplifikat\u00f6r ters kazanc\u0131d\u0131r. Sadece amplifikat\u00f6r terminallerini de\u011fi\u015ftirin, jenerat\u00f6r\u00fc \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fa ve g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7eri giri\u015fe ba\u011flay\u0131n. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclen kazan\u00e7 art\u0131k negatif bir desibel say\u0131s\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Amplifikat\u00f6r ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, giri\u015f empedans\u0131 e\u015fle\u015fmesini \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in bir RLB kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fekil 10B’deki kurulumla devam ediyor. Basit bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc ger\u00e7ek giri\u015f empedans\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamasa da, devrenin m\u00fckemmel bir e\u015fle\u015fmeye ne kadar yak\u0131n oldu\u011funu size s\u00f6yleyecektir. Bir e\u015fle\u015fme elde etmek i\u00e7in ayarlamalar yap\u0131labilir. Yine, amplifikat\u00f6r\u00fc ters \u00e7evirmek \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 incelemeye olanak tan\u0131r. Jenerat\u00f6r \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ge\u00e7i\u015f filtresi ekledik, bu \u00f6nlem kazan\u00e7 belirleme kurulumunda da faydal\u0131 olabilir. \u015eekil 10’daki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler, normalde bir skaler a\u011f analiz\u00f6r\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan bilgileri sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er, bir dizi basit alet i\u00e7in dedekt\u00f6r g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rebilir. \u015eekil 11, devre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 incelemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olan basit bir RF koklay\u0131c\u0131 probunu g\u00f6stermektedir. Prob, bir koaksiyel kablo par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n (RG-58, RG-174 veya benzeri) ucuna tak\u0131l\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ind\u00fckt\u00f6rden olu\u015fur. Herhangi bir tipte birka\u00e7 ferrit boncuk, bobinin yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki kablonun d\u0131\u015f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilir. Prob, RF’yi aramak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir devreye yak\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilebilir. Ba\u011flant\u0131 \u00e7ap\u0131 ne kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse, mekansal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olabilir. Bu, bir amplifikat\u00f6rdeki \u00f6z sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten g\u00f6rmenizi sa\u011flayan bir \u015fema olup, bir devrenin “sal\u0131n\u0131yor olabilece\u011fi” y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki bir spek\u00fclasyondan \u00e7ok daha faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er di\u011fer problarla birlikte kullan\u0131labilir. Bunlardan biri, alan g\u00fcc\u00fc belirlemelerine izin verecek basit bir anten olabilir. Di\u011feri, geleneksel dip \u00f6l\u00e7er benzeri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler sa\u011flayacak ancak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f do\u011fruluk ve hassasiyete sahip rezonans g\u00f6steren bir probdur.\u00a0<\/span>(7)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Rick Littlefield, K1BQT taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen yak\u0131n tarihli bir QST projesi, g\u00f6receli RF g\u00f6stergesi olarak bir AD8307 kullan\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span>(8)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Ed Hare, W1RFl taraf\u0131ndan kenar \u00e7ubu\u011funda a\u00e7\u0131klanan prob ile bu cihaz, iletilen elektromanyetik giri\u015fimi (EMI) incelemeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erimiz bu prob ile iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hem iletilen hem de yay\u0131lan EMI’nin incelenmesi i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131nabilir cihazlar i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir potansiyel vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 11 – G\u00f6receli RF seviyelerinin g\u00f6zlemlenmesine izin veren bir RF koklay\u0131c\u0131 prob. Bu prob, amplifikat\u00f6rlerde \u00f6z sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 veya bir al\u0131c\u0131 veya vericide orant\u0131l\u0131 tepkileri g\u00f6rmenizi sa\u011flar.<\/span>
\nL1 – \u0130ki tur yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tel, 1\/4 in\u00e7 i\u00e7 \u00e7ap.<\/span>
\nT1 – Bir koaksiyel kablo uzunlu\u011fu \u00fczerinde birka\u00e7 ferrit boncuk; metne bak\u0131n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 12 – Bir sinyal jenerat\u00f6r\u00fcne ve g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7ere birka\u00e7 bile\u015fen eklemek bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturur. M\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm t\u00fcrleri kullan\u0131lan filtreye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131klar i\u00e7in metne bak\u0131n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 12, g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7eri temel olarak kullanarak in\u015fa edilebilecek baz\u0131 basit enstr\u00fcmanlar\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Burada, sinyal \u00fcreteci, pop\u00fcler diyot halkas\u0131 gibi bir mikser i\u00e7in LO haline gelir. Bu, iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 bir amplifikat\u00f6r ve zay\u0131flat\u0131c\u0131y\u0131, ard\u0131ndan bir bant ge\u00e7i\u015f filtresini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er, filtre \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7er. Sonu\u00e7, \u00f6zel bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu projenin iki varyasyonunu olu\u015fturduk. \u0130lki 110 MHz’e ayarlanm\u0131\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 rezonat\u00f6rl\u00fc LC bant ge\u00e7iren filtre kullan\u0131rken, sinyal \u00fcreteci 50 ila 250 MHz aras\u0131nda ayarlan\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span>(9)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Amplifikat\u00f6r i\u00e7in bir Mini-Circuits MAV-11 kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Elde edilen al\u0131c\u0131 daha sonra vericinin sahte tepkilerini incelemek i\u00e7in yeterli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckle 360 \u200b\u200bMHz’e kadar t\u00fcm spektrumdaki sinyalleri \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, 250 Hz bant geni\u015fli\u011fine sahip bir homebrew 5-MHz kristal filtre kullan\u0131r. Sinyal \u00fcreteci, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ayar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne veya bant geni\u015fli\u011fine sahip bir homebrew \u00fcnitesidir. Bu cihaz, SSB-verici ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 ve yan bant bast\u0131rma ve IMD’yi \u00f6l\u00e7mek ve deneysel frekans sentezleyicilerinin sahte \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 incelemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri<\/span><\/h3>\n

G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erin geleneksel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc, verici \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bir ara\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancak bundan \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131 olabilir. AD8307, s\u0131radan bir Amat\u00f6r Radyo istasyonunu bir RF \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm laboratuvar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren bir g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7er olu\u015fturman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

AD3807 IC \u00f6rneklerini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Analog Devices Northwest Labs’dan Barrie Gilbert’a te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Notlar<\/span><\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. <\/a>https:\/\/www.analog.com\/en\/index.html<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. Veri sayfas\u0131, logaritmik dedekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma teorisi ve bu makalenin kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki uygulamalar hakk\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. <\/a>P\u00a0<\/span>mW<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0= 10^dBm\/10<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. <\/a>Ge\u00e7i\u015f kapasit\u00f6rleri Down East Microwave Inc, 954 Rt 519, Frenchtown, NJ 08825; tel 908-996-3584, faks 908-996-3702 adresinden temin edilebilir;\u00a0<\/span>https:\/\/www.downeastmicrowave.com\/Default.asp<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. <\/a>Bkz. Wes Hayward, W7ZOI ve Doug DeMaw, W1 FB, “Radyo Amat\u00f6rleri i\u00e7in Kat\u0131 Hal Tasar\u0131m\u0131”, s. 154, ARRL, 1977. Y\u00f6nl\u00fc kupl\u00f6rler de bu uygulamada faydal\u0131d\u0131r, \u00f6rne\u011fin klasik W7EL g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7erde kullan\u0131lanlar, Roy Lewallen, W7EL, “Basit ve Do\u011fru Bir QRP Y\u00f6nl\u00fc Wattmetre”, QST, \u015eubat 1990, s. 19-23 ve 36.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. <\/a>21 dB’lik bir geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f kayb\u0131, 1.196’l\u0131k bir SWR’ye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir ki bu da \u00e7o\u011fu pratik anten durumu i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a uygundur.<\/span><\/li>\n
  6. <\/a>Bkz. Wes Hayward, W7ZOI, “Beyond the Dipper,” QST, May\u0131s 1986, ss 14-20. Ayr\u0131ca, bu aletin sinyal \u00fcreten k\u0131sm\u0131 basit, genel ama\u00e7l\u0131 bir RF kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n
  7. <\/a>Rick Littlefield, K1BOT, “Geni\u015f Menzilli Bir RF-Ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00d6l\u00e7er”, QST, A\u011fustos 2000, s. 42-44; ayr\u0131ca bkz. Geribildirim, Ekim 2000, s. 53.<\/span><\/li>\n
  8. <\/a>Wes Hayward, W7ZOI, “\u00c7ift Ayarl\u0131 Devreyi \u00dc\u00e7 Rezonat\u00f6re Geni\u015fletmek”, QEX, Mar\/Apr 1998, ss 41-46. Daha sonra bant ge\u00e7i\u015f filtresi,<\/span><\/li>\n
  9. <\/a>Wes Hayward, W7ZOI ve Terry White, K7TAU, “Radyo Amat\u00f6rleri \u0130\u00e7in Bir Spektrum Analiz\u00f6r\u00fc”, QST, A\u011fustos 1998, s. 35-43; B\u00f6l\u00fcm 2, Eyl\u00fcl 1998, s. 37-40.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    W7ZOI:\u00a0<\/span>w7zoi@easystreet.com<\/span><\/a>
    \nW7PUA:\u00a0<\/span>    boblark@proaxis.com<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Bu basit ev yap\u0131m\u0131 aletlerle nanowatt’tan 100 watt’a kadar g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri yapmak kolay! RF g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7mek, radyo amat\u00f6rleri ve deneycileri olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z hemen her \u015feyin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":162,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,3,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-hamrad","category-hf-projects"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=148"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=148"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=148"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ta9ea.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=148"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}